So what’s the deal? Why are berries so very hard to define?

The discrepancy in berry nomenclature arose because people called certain fruits “berries” thousands of years before scientists came up with a precise definition for the word, said Judy Jernstedt, a professor of plant sciences at the University of California, Davis. Usually, people think of berries as small, squishy fruit that can be picked off plants, but the scientific classification is far more complex, Jernstedt said.

What is a berry?

Botanically speaking, a berry has three distinct fleshy layers: the exocarp (outer skin), mesocarp (fleshy middle) and endocarp (innermost part, which holds the seeds). For instance, a grape’s outer skin is the exocarp, its fleshy middle is the mesocarp and the jelly-like insides holding the seeds constitute the endocarp, Jernstedt told Live Science.

The same layered structure appears in other berries, including the banana and watermelon, although their exocarps are a bit tougher, taking the form of a peel and a rind, respectively. (The suffix “carp” comes from the word “carpel,” which refers to the pistil, the female organ of the flower, Jernstedt said.)

In addition, to be a berry, a fruit must have two or more seeds. Thus, a cherry, which has just one seed, doesn’t make the berry cut, Jernstedt said. Rather, cherries, like other fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone that contains a seed, are called drupes, she said.

Moreover, to be a berry, fruits must develop from one flower that has one ovary, Jernstedt said. Some plants, such as the blueberry, have flowers with just one ovary. Hence, the blueberry is a true berry, she said. Tomatoes, peppers, cranberries, eggplants and kiwis come from a flower with one ovary, and so are also berries, she said.

Other plants, such as the strawberry and the raspberry, have flowers with more than one ovary.

“Raspberries have those little subunits,” Jernstedt said. “Each one of those little subunits comes from an individual ovary. And those subunits are actually [called] drupes.”

Each drupe contains a seed; that’s why wild raspberries and blackberries are so crunchy, according to Jernstedt. Because these types of fruit consist of so many drupes, they’re called aggregate fruit, Jernstedt said. A strawberry is also an aggregate fruit, but instead of having multiple drupes, it has multiple achenes, the little yellow ovals on the fruit’s surface, which each contain a seed.

Oranges are a subtype of berry called hesperidium, said Courtney Weber, a berry breeder at Cornell University in New York. Like other berries, oranges have three fleshy layers, have two or more seeds, and develop from one flower with one ovary. But citrus fruits contain distinct segments, a property that differentiates these fruits from other berries and gives them the subtype status, Weber said. (The number of sections is related to the number of carpels, Jernstedt said.)

In all, berry categorization “s kind of chaotic,” Jernstedt said. “And the scientists feel that way too. There are always attempts to impose some order on fruit classification. But this has been going on for a couple of centuries, so don’t hold your breath that it’s going to be solved soon.”

In other words, it can be difficult to classify nature’s many fruits, which evolve without a thought about how scientists will view them.

“Flowering plants have devised a number of ways to produce seed and to get that seed distributed,” Webber told Live Science. “Having the fleshy fruit types that we eat is just nature’s way of getting animals to eat this fruit and seed and distribute them.”

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